Which of the following involves collaboration from parties not contractually tied to a project?

Project closeout involves collaboration from parties not contractually tied to a project because this phase often requires input and contributions from various stakeholders to finalize the project. At this stage, the project team works with external reviewers, regulatory bodies, and sometimes community representatives to complete required documentation, resolve outstanding issues, and ensure compliance with regulations.

During project closeout, the involvement of parties outside the core contractual relationships is essential for ensuring that all aspects of the project are addressed, such as the delivery of final reports, completion of punch lists, and fulfillment of any remaining contractual obligations. Furthermore, external stakeholders often play a role in conducting inspections and approvals necessary to officially close the project.

In contrast, other options such as quality control, substantial completion, and owner acceptance are primarily focused on relationships defined by the contract. These processes typically involve the direct parties involved in the contractual agreement and do not require as much external stakeholder collaboration.